History of the Russian Monarchy and explanation.

The Russian monarchy dates back to the Kievan Rus' in Kiev, which was controlled by a succession of Rurikid princes from the 8th through early 12th centuries. The last ruler of Kievan Rus' was Sviatoslav III, a grand prince of Kiev who converted to Christianity and moved his capital to Vladimir in 1147. By the 14th century, three centuries after the conversion, all lands that were once part of Kievan Rus' had been incorporated into what became known as Muscovy. The current head of state is generally referred to as "Czar", derived from the Latin word "Caesar". Due to the fact that various branches of the Russian Imperial family kept some of their rights to the throne in the council, until the self-abolishment on 3 March 1917, from the 17th century on "czar" was not considered part of the family name: members of the Romanov family, who held a hereditary seat in that council, were referred to as "Imperial Highness" (, literally "tsar's kin"). In contexts where it might be misleading (such as for foreigners), or simply inconvenient (as for mailing addresses or telephone directories), a modern Russian might refer to him/herself as "a citizen of Russia", or "a Russian". It was not until the time of Peter I, who formally made a new designation, "tsar", that this became standard, though it was most often used prior to that period. One exception, however, is Russia's first tsar, Mikhail I, who officially only used the name "Mikhail", even though earlier he was called Peter in Europe. Another one was Ivan VI, who may be regarded as the last tsar of the old style; his titles were all traditional Russian ones. The monarch, however, is known to use Russian or the former Soviet title Tsar, which is derived from "Caesar", and started to be used in Russia by the 16th century. In English the term Emperor has been used since at least 1555 (with exceptions). The word “Tsar” derives from a Byzantine term for the Biblical Roman Emperors as a translation of "Caesar". This continued to be how the Russian ruler was known in Western Europe and also in Byzantium itself in its final centuries. In time, this word came to mean royalty. Since St. Petersburg was founded by Peter the Great in 1703, "tsar" has often been used in Russian to refer to its capital. "Tzar" is sometimes also used as a nickname for the tsar's family, but not infrequently in a derogatory way: "Tzar Nicholas II and his wife were murdered because they were not educated. " What is considered Russian history depends on which period of time one covers. This view may vary from country to country. But Russia's official calendar starts with 7 May (the Christian feast day of St. George) and ends with 22 December (the Eastern Orthodox Christmas). For example, the Council of Florence is sometimes referred to by Western scholars as the Florentine Peace (an imperial gift given by Ivan III to Pope Eugene IV in 1433). But since this council was held between the two offensives of Tatar raids on Russia, it can also be called "Russian-Tatar peace". Before that, counting was based on various dynastic periods in Russian history. Other terms include: -Russians have often used variants of names from a wider set. They have also used their own names: Ivan III, Vasily III and even Alexei I are often used for monarchs. -The Byzantine emperors were referred to as Basileus in Greek and "tsar" in Russian. The title of "Caesar" is used instead of "Basileus". Some things about me: I’m Marlon, 14 years old, and I live in Germany. My goal was to reach the first officer rank within the Militsiya, designated as Captain. I know really much about monarchy, German, Russian, Spanish, or French. I hope I will get to work with you all!