Describe Raynaud phenomenon

Raynaud phenomenon is a disease characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction most commonly seen in digits and toes, especially by cold temperature. Majority of patients are females, of younger age of groups, or having family history of Raynaud phenomenon. Raynaud phenomenon has two subtypes: primary Raynaud phenomenon, which has no clear cause, and secondary Raynaud phenomenon with established causes such as autoimmune rhematic diseases, hypothyroidism, and carpal tunnel syndrome. The spectrum of the disease is wide, ranging from painless discoloration of skins, pain from excessive vasoconstriction to ischemia and necrosis of appendages, especially secondary Raynaud phenomenon due to the physical structures of blood vessels are obliterated by repeated inflammation. Treatments of Raynaud phenomenon include non-pharmacological interventions: keeping digits and toes warm, avoidance of drugs with vasoconstriction, and smoking cessation. Most primary Raynaud phenomenon patients' symptoms can be managed by only these lifestyle modifications, unlike secondary Raynaud phenomenon. In addition to the previously mentioned treatment, these patients will also need drugs such as calcium channel blockers (nifedipine and amlodipine), PDE-5 inhibitors (sildenafil), and supplements (niacin and antioxidants. ) The treatment goal is to improve the quality of life. Most primary Raynaud phenomenon can reach the stage of remission within 7 to 14 years, in contrast, secondary Raynaud phenomenon will not subside until the underlying diseases are properly controlled.