TRANSFORMATION OF CINEMA IN DIGITAL AGE

The cinema had a long transformation as it moved toward the middle of the '2000. Compared to art, sculpture and theater, cinema, which has been in our lives for a short time, has come to a long story with the effects of technological developments. Cinematography is the creation of 19 th. Century and it has become famous medium of communication and entartainment. Nowadays it is billion dollars industry and naturally transformation of cinema affecting people more than ever. It is not possible to address an entire history, ethical debate, the industrial position of this art form in one study, but we can take this journey briefly and try to raise questions about the present. In this study, it will be discussed how cinema goes through the digital transformations from where it comes from, and at the final point of arrival, it will look for signs of how cinema is open to development. The Silent Era Cinema as an art form has a destiny with technology and also it becomes a huge industry in short period. On the contrary it's been said that this glorious art began its journey with extremely primitive tools. Previously the motion picture variety of devices were used like as a twirling disk “phenakistoscope” (1832), rotating drum “zoetrope” (1834) or positive photographic process “daguerreotype” (1839). (Sklar, 2022) Then Thomas Edison presented Kinetoscope in 1891. It is an early motion picture exhibition device that allowed one individual at a time to watch short silent movies of about 20-30 seconds long. As we can see, the cinema didn't start with a single event. Based on technological developments, it has progresses step by step with new inventions and display patterns. The first to present projected moving pictures to a paying audience were the Lumière brothers in December 1895 in Paris. Cinématographe had a tremendous impect on industry cause compared to other attemps, it didn’t need electirical power which allows could be moved to anywhere. (National Science and Media Museum, 2009) Also it’s a less than 20 pounds camera – unlike Kinetograph which was about 1000 pounds-, a projector and a printer. Edison films initially featured material such as circus or vaudeville acts that could be taken into a small studio to perform before an inert camera, while early Lumière films were mainly documentary views, or “actualities, ” shot outdoors on location…In general, Lumière technology became the European standard during the early era, and, because the Lumières sent their cameramen all over the world in search of exotic subjects, the cinématographe became the founding instrument of distant cinemas in Russia, Australia, and Japan. (Sklar, 2022) The importance of Lumiere technology and cinema becoming an industry around the world can be understood. However, war changed the focus of the first films and production processes known to European countries. In the first quarter of 1900, national film industries began to form, and Europe, Russia, Scandinavian countries were dominated. Movies were now longer and focused on storytelling. But with the impact of World War I, America launched to stand out and dominate its film production journey, its film designs for years to come. The Sound Era and The Golden Age The era of sound technically began with “Vitaphone” –sound –on-disc system – by Western Electric Bell Labaroties in In New York. The device were used by Warner Brothers in Don Juan but widespread success came wtih The Jazz Singer. Then Box Office records led the revolution of sound. Additionally Hollywood becoming the leader of industry and way of storytelling. But the system was unreliable and it evolved such as Movietone. (Science+ Media Musieum, 2020). Numerious classical movies were released after the sound revolution and the idea of stardom has begun. There was a period called The Golden Age of Cinema which refers to 1930 and late 1940. In those days, the cinema experienced its rise with movies like: Citizen Kane directed by Orson Welles, Gone With Wind starring Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh, The Wizard of Oz starring Judy Garland and Casablanca starrring Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman. Especially after the Great Depression in America people see the movies as an escape from the reality and they impact the sales and also innovations in movie technology. (Matt, 2022) This Golden Age came to an end due to television and different needs.